Journey to the Black Hole {Part -5}

Welcome to the series of Journey of the Black Hole:- (Part - 5)

Where are you in the Universe, do you have any idea?????????
Or, here's a better question, where is the centre of the Universe???
Well, this might sound crazy, but it's everywhere. This is known as Cosmological Principle.

Expanding Universe

No matter where you are in the Universe, everything else will be seen to be moving away from you, expanding at the same rate. The Universe is expanding, but not like a balloon getting bigger with all the people inside it. Instead, it's as if we are the surface of a balloon.
If you were to put a bunch of dots on a balloon and then blow it up, all the dots would move away from each other at the same rate. And, on the surface of the balloon, there s no center.
For instance imagine two layers, they are exactly similar, except the top layer represents a 5% expansion of the bottom layer.
Let's say that you live on one of these dots, and you want to measure where everything is moving away from.
Well, imagine what happens when I line up a dot in a dot n the past and present. It looks like the centre of the expansion. I can do this with any dot.
As soon as I choose a dot to be frame of  reference, it immediately becomes the center of the expansion.
So, while dying in Black Hole would be lonely and scary and morbid, when you look up into the sky instead about this.
No matter where you are, or who you are  or what your friends or your parents, you really scientifically are the center of the Universe.

What if our Universe was a Googolplex ( 10^(10100)) metres across? Well it nowhere near that large.
But if it was, it would be so voluminous that statistically, it would not be an exact copy of you somewhere else out there in the Universe.

Journey to the Black Hole {Part -4}

Welcome to the series of Journey to the Black Hole:- (Part - 4)

It is believed that a moving or spinning Black Hole might create what is known as a "Wormhole" a way of transitioning across space faster than light. 

Not in anyway that violates the laws of science, but in a way that takes advantage of the Universe's dimensions.

For instance, if I wanted to get from one point to the another point, I'd have to travel the distance. But, theoretically, Wormhole would do something really crazy. For instance, this

Wormhole

Now, the two points are right next to each other and I can travel between them almost instantaneously. But again, this is all theoretical. Luckily, we do have a possible way of analyzing Black Hole right here on Earth. 

Enter the "Dumb Hole". Just as a Black Hole does not permit light to escape, a Dumb Hole is an acoustic Black Hole.

Dumb Hole

It won't allow sound to escape. It doesn't have to be nearly as powerful and scientists have been able to create Dumb Holes in laboratories using special fluids travelling at the speed of sound. A lot of progress still needs to be made in the world of acoustic Black Holes, but we may be able to learn an amazing amount of information about Black Holes work by looking at how sound is treated in a Dumb Holes. 

Now, here's another good question - What would it look to travel at the speed of light, say toward the Sun?

Well surprisingly, you would just see the Sun immediately rush up toward you................

No, no, no...

In fact, initially it would look almost as if the Sun were receding way from you!!!

Why??

Because your field of view would be able to see stuff almost behind you. And here's why.

As you sit there, not moving yet, looking at the Sun, there's light coming from the stuff behind you. But if you travel the speed of light, you will be actually reach that light coming from things behind you. As you reached light speed, your field of view would expand.(like concentrating the stuff in the middle?)

Journey to the Black Hole {Part -3}

Welcome to the series of Journey to the Black Hole:- (Part - 3)

A gravitational field not only warps space it also warps time. 

Now for the most intensive purposes here on Earth, we never have to worry about that, but near a Black Hole, gravity would be so strong that if observer standing and watching you jumping into the hole would see something quite strange.

They wouldn't see you get sucked quickly into the hole, instead they would see your approach become slower and slower and slower, until you reached a point known as the Event-Horizon.

Event-Horizon

This is a point in space where once crossed there's no going back. It is at that point that light can no longer escape. And so, to a person watching you fall into the hole, that would be where your journey ended.

You would seem almost frozen in space, the light coming off your body becoming increasingly red-shifted until you simply faded into nothingness.

They would never see you cross the Event-Horizon.

But for you, of course, everything would seem fine and dandy.

You would continue pass that horizon to your now, inevitable death. As you continue to approach the Black Hole's Singularity, your view of the entire Universe would get compressed into smaller and smaller point in space behind you.

If the Black Hole we're jumping into was large enough, things actually might be quite comfortable at the Event-Horizon.

We'll know that we're never going to escape and that our lives are pretty much over, but it might take us hours to actually reach a point where things started to hurt.

Why would they hurt? 

Well the closer you get to the Singularity, the more significant the difference in gravitational pull is across space. And so, parts of me that are closer to me that are closer to the Singularity would be pulled more strongly that parts that were facing away and my entire body would be stretched toward the Singularity.

The effect would would be so incredible, scientists don't usually call it stretching, they call it "Spaghettification". 

Spaghettification

Once you reach this point, you would be dead. Your molecules would be violently ripped and stretched apart, and when they got to the Singularity, well we don't really know what would happen. Perhaps, they would completely disappear in violation of all the laws of physics, may be they would reappear elsewhere in the Universe.

Journey to the Black Hole {Part -2}

Welcome to the series of Journey to the Black Hole:- (Part - 2)

Now, take a look at the simulation of a Black Hole, with a galaxy millions of light years behind it.
The galaxy is not really in danger of the Black Hole's suck, but the light coming off of that galaxy certainly is.
Watch as the galaxy passes behind the Black Hole and it's light is contorted, twisted and distorted.

Simulation of Black Hole with a galaxy millions of light years behind

Now, here is really fun demonstration, what if the Earth were to orbit around a Black Hole.
Looking from the outside the Earth would look normal at first.
But as soon as it passed behind Black Hole, the Black Hole's gravitational field would warp the light reflecting off the Earth producing this.

Earth orbiting a Black Hole

For the sake of simplicity, let's jump into a simple Black Hole (one that doesn't have a charge, it isn't moving and also isn't already sucking off a bunch of matter, its just there on its own).
As we approach, the distortion of the sky grows greater and greater.
A larger and larger portion of our field of view looking forward into the Black Hole will be filled with darkness.
At this point where half of our field of view has been swallowed up in darkness, we have reached the Photon Sphere.

Photon Sphere

At this point, the light is not gonna necessarily get sucked into the Black Hole, but doesn't necessarily leave it either instead. At this magical point in space light photons can actually orbit the Black Hole.
If you were to stop here for a moment, and look to the side, you could theoretically see the back of your own head because light reflecting off the back of your head would travel all the way around the sphere of the Black Hole right back to your face.

Journey to the Black Hole (Series)

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Part- 1

Part- 2

Part- 3

Part- 4

Part- 5

Journey to the Black Hole {Part -1}

Welcome to the series of Journey to the Black Hole:- (Part - 1)

Hello, everyone, today we are going to go inside a Black Hole. It's not going to be comfortable, but it will be pretty fun.

Now first thing mathematically, anything could become a Black Hole.

If you are to compress it into a small enough space......

Yes you, me and everything in the Universe has a Schwarzschild radius.
A tiny amount of space that where you to collapse the entire mass of the object into its density would be so great that its gravitational pull would be so great, that not even light could escape from it.
You would have a Black Hole.
If you were to compress Mount Everest into something smaller than a Nanometre, you would have a Black Hole.

Mount Everest to Nanometre

If you were to compress the entire Earth down to the size of a peanut, you would have a Black Hole.

Entire Earth to the size of peanut

But there is no any way to compress the entire Earth or Mount Everest to that fashion.
But the Stars many many times larger than our Sun has much larger Schwarzschild radius, when it runs out of a fuel and can not longer keep itself hot enough, it collapses into a single infinitesimally small point known as Singularity.
Its density would be infinite. So, its gravitational pull would be so strong that nothing could escape, not even light.

• What would it (Black Hole) look like from the outside?

As we know the gravitational field bends space and time.

Stars behind our Sun will actually appear to be in slightly different location from the Earth because the Sun's gravitational field bends the light coming from the those Stars.

Gravitational field bends the light

When it comes to the gravitational field of the larger objects like the entire Galaxies or Black Hole, the effect is even astonishing. The light coming from the object behind them is significantly distorted producing smudges.

Lensed Galaxy

As seen from Earth, the blue galaxy behind this red galaxy is completely distorted like a fun house mirror.

So, rather than appearing as it really should, it looks to us a smudge, all the way around the red galaxy. This is known as Gravitational Lensing.

Gravitational Lensing (Einstein Ring)

Cretaceous Period (Important Facts) {Part-9}

THE MESOZOIC ERA ENDED WITH the Cretaceous period, which lasted from 146 to 65 million years ago. During this period, Gondwana and Laurasia were breaking up into smaller land-mass that more closely resembled the modern continents.

Cretaceous Period

The climate remained mild and moist but the seasons became more marked. Flowering plants including deciduous trees replaced many cycads, seed ferns and conifers.

Examples of Cretaceous Plant Groups:-

A present-day Conifer
(Pinus Muricata)

A present-day Deciduous tree
(Magnolia sp.)

Animal species became more varied, with the evolution of new mammals, insects, fish, crustaceans and turtles. Dinosaurs evolved into a wide variety of species during Cretaceous times; more than half of all known dinosaurs - including Iguanodon, Deinonychus, Tyrannosaurus and Hypsilophodon - lived during this period. At the end of the cretaceous period, however, most dinosaurs became extinct. The reason for this mass extinction is unknown but it is thought to have been caused by climatic changes due to either a catastrophic meteor impact with the Earth or extensive volcanic eruptions.

Saltasaurus
Length: 40 ft

Torosaurus
Length: 25 ft

Hypsilophodon
Length: 4 ft 6 in - 7 ft 6 in

Tyrannosaurus (T-Rex) - King of all Dinosaurs
Length: 40 ft

DeinonychusLength: 8-11 ft

Iguanodon
Length: 30 ft

Proteus (Neptune's Moon) - (Important Facts) {Part-52}

NORMALLY, BODIES OVER ABOUT 200 km/ 125 mi in radius will have sufficient mass to form a sphere, but despite Proteus measuring around 210 km/ 130 mi in radius, it has a very irregular surface, featuring concave depressions and ridges up to 20 km/ 12.4 mi high.

Proteus

The surface is dark and heavily cratered with the largest moon than 250 km/ 155 mi in diameter with a depth of 20 km/ 12.4 mi.
It is likely that Proteus formed from debris cratered by collisions between Neptune's smaller moons, the result of disrupted orbits caused by the capture of Triton

Neptune's Moon>>>

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Triton

Triton (Neptune's Moon) - (Important Facts) {Part-51}

THE LARGEST MOON OF NEPTUNE, and comprising 98% of the mass orbiting the planet, Triton is the only the moon in the Solar System to have a retrograde orbit, meaning it orbits in the opposite direction to all other moons.

Triton

Because of its orbit, it is thought that the moon was once a Kuiper belt object like Pluto that was captured by Neptune's gravity.
Triton is also one of the few moons of the Solar System to be volcanically active, however due to the very low temperature far from the Sun, its volcanoes erupt water and ammonia rather than liquid rocks.

Surface of Triton

It is large enough for its interior to have differentiated into a rocky/metallic core under an icy mantle. The contains enough mass that radioactive decay might be warming it from the inside, which could be responsible for the Cryovolcanic activity.

Cryovolcanic activity

In addition to cryovolcanoes, Triton also exhibits geysers, which erupt with gaseous nitrogen for up to a year at a time.

Triton Geysers

Because of constant volcanic activity, Triton's surface relatively young having wiped away almost all signs of impact craters.

Ariel (Uranus' Moon) - (Important Facts) {Part-50}

OF THE 27 KNOWN MOONS OF URANUS, of which only five are large enough to have a spherical shape, Ariel is the brightest.

Ariel

Formed form the material in orbit around Uranus, quite possibly as the result of the impact that tipped the planet onto its side , the moon is differentiated. Approximately 64% of its mass is a rocky core, with ice accounting for the rest.
The moon's fissured surface reveals evidence of the relatively recent tidal heating of its core, but it is unlikely that it is currently warm enough for liquid water to exist under the surface.

Pics of Ariel

Umbriel (Uranus' Moon) - (Important Facts) {Part-49}

UMBRIEL'S SURFACE IS HEAVILY CRATERED and is the darkest of the major Uranian moons.

Umbriel

Composed mostly of water ice, it is thought that the moon features a distinct rocky core that totals about 40% of its mass. The interior of the moon is not likely to be warm enough to support sub-screen ocean.

Physical Characteristics of Umbriel

Umbriel's most prominent feature is Wunda crater, an impact crater with a diameter of 13 km/ 81m, that features a bright ring of material on its floor, believed to be residue of the object that collided with the moon.

Wunda Crater

Titania (Uranus' Moon) - (Important Facts) {Part-48}

TITANIA IS COMPOSED OF EQUAL quantities of rock and ice, differentiated into distinct layers, with the possibility of liquid water where the ice meets the core.

Titania

The largest of the Uranian moons, Titania is the 8th largest moon in the Solar System.

Physical characteristics of Titania

Its surface is criss-crossed with huge cracks caused by expansion as it cooled after formation, but it features fewer craters than Uranus' other moons, indicating that it has been resurfaced in the past.

Jurassic Period (Important Facts) {Part-8}

THE JURASSIC PERIOD, the middle part of the Mesozoic era, lasted from 199 to 145 million years ago. During Jurassic times, the land-mass of Pangaea broke up into the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, and sea-levels rose, flooding areas of lower land.

Jurassic Period

The Jurassic Period climate was warm and moist. Plants such as ginkgos, horsetails and conifers thrived, and giant redwood trees appeared, as did the first flowering plants.
The abundance of plant food coincided with the proliferation of herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs, such as the Large Sauropods (e.g., Diplodocus) and Stegosaurs (e.g., Stegosaurus).

Examples of Jurassic Plant Groups:-

A present-day Fern
(Dicksonia antarctica)

A present-day Horsetail
(Equisetum arvense)

A present-day Conifer
(Taxus baccata)

Carnivorous (flesh-eating) dinosaurs, such as Compsognathus and Allosaurus, also flourished by hunting the many animals that existed - among them other dinosaurs.

Further Jurassic animals included shrew-like mammals, and pterosaurs (flying reptiles), as well as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs (both marine reptiles).

Examples of Jurassic Dinosaurs:-

Diplodocus
Length: 88 ft

Camptosaurus
Length: 16-23 ft

Dryosaurus
Length: 10-13 ft

Allosaurus
Length: 36 ft

Scelidosaurus
Length: 13 ft

Stegosaurus
Length: 30 ft