Discovery of Big Bang -Space Talks# 4

The first scientific evidence for the Big Bang was found in 1929, when astronomers discovered that light from distant galaxies is rendered. This color change happens when objects are moving away from us, making light waves stretch out and change color. The more distant the galaxies are, the faster they rushing away. This shows that the whole Universe is expanding.

No charge in starlight

Light waves stretched

Big Bang afterglow:-

More evidence of the Big Bang came in the 1960s, when astronomers detected faint microwave radiation coming from every point in the sky. This mysterious energy is the faded remains of the intense burst of energy released in the Big Bang.

Microwave map of whole sky

Changing elements:-

For hundreds of millions of years, the Universe consisted almost entirely of hydrogen and helium- the very simplest chemical elements.
After stars appeared, new elements began to be made in the cores of dying stars. All the complex elements in our bodies were forged in dying stars this way.

Big Bounce theory:-
What caused the Big Bang? We may never know for sure, but some scientists have suggested that there may have been lots of big bangs, with the Universe expanding after each one and then shrinking again. This theory is called the Big Bounce because the process repeats itself.
 

Star death- Space Talks# 3

All stars eventually run out of fuel and die. Most fade away quietly, but the most massive stars self-destruct in a huge explosion that can outshine an entire galaxy.

Like Earth, stars generate the force of gravity which squeezes their hot core. The more matter a star has, the greater the force of gravity and the hotter and denser the core becomes. The way a star dies depends on how powerfully its core is squeezed by gravity.

Stars make heat and light by the process of nuclear fusion: hydrogen atoms in the core crash together to form helium, releasing energy. In small stars, when hydrogen in the core runs out, the stars light slowly fades. But in more massive stars, the core is so hot and dense that fusion can spread beyond it, changing the star's appearance. The most massive stars are eventually overwhelmed by their own gravity, which crushes them so violently that they collapse into a pinprick to a create a black hole.

Ways to die:-
Stars can die in four different ways, all of which are shown on these pages. Our Sun, a typical star, will follow the central path, but not yet - it has enough fuel to keep shinning for 5 billion years. When larger stars die, they turn hydrogen into heavier chemical elements such as carbon and oxygen, which are later recycled to form new stars and planets. All the atoms in your body were created this way.

Seeing the invisible- Space Talks# 2

Professional astronomers don't just use visible light to see the night sky. Their telescopes can also create images from wavelengths of light that our eyes cannot see, such as X-rays, radio waves and infrared rays. The images below all show kepler's Supernova - the wreckage left by a giant star that exploded in 1604.

X-ray image:- 

    X-ray image of Kepler's Supernova

This image of Kepler's Supernova is from the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory. It shows a cloud of incredibility hot gas that emits high-energy X-rays. 

Visible light image:-

Visible light image of Kepler's image

Very little of the object can be seen in visible light, even in this image from the Hubble Space Telescope. The bright areas are clumps of gas.

Infrared image:-

Infrared image of Kepler's image

Taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope, this infrared image shows dust clouds that were heated by a shock wave from the exploding star.

Combined image of Kepler's image

 Combining all three sources produces a complete image: a shell of supernova debris expanding into space at 2,000 km (1,240 miles) per second.

Living in Space- Space Talks# 1

Astronauts must adapt to a zero-gravity environment when weightlessly can be fun, it can also cause medical problems.
Space stations are cramped places with few luxuries. Astronauts eat ready-made meals that are either freeze-dried or served in pouches.
All water is recycled, including the water vapour from human breath.
Astronauts clean themselves with special shampoos and soaps that don't need water, and they use space toilets that suck away waste rather than flushing with water.

Effects on the Body:-

Spaceman

When the human body spends a long time in space, it changes. Without gravity pulling on the spine, the body gets about 5 cm ( 2 in ) taller. Body fluids that flow downwards on Earth build up in the head. This gives astronauts swollen faces and blocked noses, making food seem tasteless. When astronauts come back to Earth, the return of full gravity can make them feel extremely weak.

Space stations:-  

A space station is a crewed satellite - a kind of orbiting laboratory in which astronauts and scientists live and work. The USSR launched the first station, Salyut 1, in 1971.

Salyut 1 (USSR)

  The USA soon followed with Skylab, in 1973. Russia's Mir, in use from 1986 to 2001, was the most successful station until the USA, Russia, and more than 10 other countries joined forces to build the International Space Station, in orbit since 1998. China's own space station prototype, Tiangong-1, was launched in 2011.

Skylab (USA)

Mir (USSR)

Tiangong -1 (China)

 

International Space Station

Dazzling thing in the Universe {Part -5}

Artist Thierry Cohen mocked up what big cities would look like if all their lights were off and the sky above them could be seen fully, New York, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Los Angeles. 

New York

Los Angeles

Tokyo

Shanghai

It's beautiful and rare. In the 1990's during a black out in the city of Los Angeles, a number of residences actually called the Police, they were afraid of mysterious glowing clouds hovering above the city.

 They were seeing our galaxy for the first time in their lives.

At night artificial lights allow us to see what around us but we lose what's above us.

Taijitu

 The brightest place have the darkest, emptiest skies. There's Yin and Yang again. 

A Taijitu has actually been lurking in this in this series.

The brightest things in the Universe, quasars are caused by the darkest things in the Universe- Black Holes. The process that unshackles the most light is caused by the thing that best imprisons it.

Preparing Nanoparticles by Emulsification Diffusion Method

In this method, polymer is dissolved in measured amount of solvent (ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, propylene carbonate, methyl ethyl ketone. Organic phase is added into required amount of aqueous phase containing the stabiliser. After mutual saturation of organic and continuous phase, the mixture is emulsified with a high speed homogenizer. For full diffusion into the water phase, excess amount of water is added to the oil in water emulsion under magnetic stirring, leading to the nanoprecipitation of the polymer.

                Schematic illustration of the Emulsion Diffusion Method

Advantages of emulsion diffusion method:-

It offers high encapsulation efficiency, no need for homogenization, high batch to batch reproductibility, ease of scaling up, simplicity and narrow size distribution. 

Limitations of emulsion diffusion method:-

High volumes of water have to be eliminated from suspension, leakage of water soluble drug into saturated aqueous external phase during emulsification reducing encapsulation efficiency.

Arranged by Div.